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- C DOS Glossary
- This section uses Macintosh concepts to explain terms that
- MacDOS has inherited from DOS.
-
- batch
- Many Macintosh programs have their own scripting language.
- A batch program is nothing else than a script for MacDOS:
- you prepare a file containing a series of commands and then
- tell MacDOS to execute it.
-
- As MacDOS supports a character oriented interface, batch
- and interactive commands are identical. This is not the
- case in most (if not all) other Macintosh programs, because
- they are normally controlled via dialogs and menus, while
- their scripting languages, by their own nature, consist of
- written directives.
-
- Another way of understanding batch programs is to compare
- them with macros. When you prepare a macro, you switch the
- macro recording ON, perform some operations, and stop the
- recorder. By executing the macro, you can then repeat the
- same operations over and over again. The batch mechanism
- can work in exactly the same way: you start logging with
- the command LOG, type some commands, and stop the logging.
- By executing the log file as a batch program, you can then
- repeat the same commands as many times as you like.
-
- cntl-C
- By pressing the 'C' key together with the control key, you
- force MacDOS to prompt you for a new command. This is
- useful when you want to interrupt a long DIRectory listing
- or any other operation. cntl-C also interrupts batch
- programs.
-
- If your keyboard does not have the control key, you can
- achieve the same result by pressing the command and period
- keys together (cmd-dot).
-
- In some cases, especially during recursive operations, you
- might have to type cntl-C (or cmd-dot) more than once in
- order to interrupt MacDOS.
-
- command
- A command is just a way of telling MacDOS all it needs to
- know in order to perform a particular operation. The first
- word in a command (ie. the command name) tells MacDOS what
- to do, while the other words (ie. command parameters and
- switches) specify on what it should operate and how.
-
- A command with switches is a bit like a menu: when you
- select a menu, you can choose between different options by
- selecting a particular menu item. When you type a command
- in MacDOS, you can choose between different options by
- typing particular switches.
-
- delete
- The word "delete" always refers to files, never to folders.
- When you use the command DEL to delete files, MacDOS
- removes the corresponding entry from the disk directory.
- The result is that the file immediately "disappears" from
- the system and the space it occupied is made available for
- other uses. This is VERY different from the standard
- behaviour of the Finder, which only removes files from the
- system when you empty the Trash.
-
- directory
- "directory" essentially is a synonym of "folder". In fact,
- the term "folder" was only introduced together with the
- desktop metaphor. By then, UNIX users were already familiar
- with commands like CD and MKDIR.
-
- Sometimes, the term "directory" is used to indicate a
- "directory list" produced with the command DIR. This might
- not be entirely correct, but it does not normally create
- any confusion.
-
- drive
- Drives are physical devices which let you access storage
- media. To distinguish between different drives, operating
- systems number them. For example, the Mac OS assigns the
- number 1 to the internal floppy drive and 2 to the external
- one. DOS uses the letters A and B for the same purpose.
-
- The "drive numbers" of the Macintosh and the "drive IDs" of
- DOS are basically the same thing.
-
- extension
- The Mac OS associates a series of parameters and flags to
- each file in the system. In that way, it can decide
- whether, how, and where each file icon should appear on the
- desktop. Just by looking at an icon, you can normally
- distinguish between applications and documents.
- Furthermore, you can also identify which application
- created each document.
-
- DOS does not have the capabilities of the Mac OS. In order
- to distinguish between different file types, DOS splits
- each filename into two parts separated by a dot, and uses
- the second part to identify the type. That second part,
- which cannot exceed three characters in length, is called
- the "extension" (nothing to do with the MacDOS extensions,
- which are filter applications). Generic text files should
- have the extension TXT, batch programs BAT, applications
- EXE (for EXEcutable), documents DOC, etc.
-
- This strategy, at least as it has been implemented, can
- cause quite a bit of confusion. This is due to the fact
- that DOS does not (and cannot) enforce the naming
- conventions. Therefore, you are totally free to use the
- extensions as you like. For example, you can call a text
- file readme.doc or an application process.txt . You can
- also create non-standard names like use.me or
- this_is.it . As if this were not enough, you cannot even
- distinguish between files created with different
- applications. For example, a file called book.doc could
- have been produced with any word processor.
-
- file
- In "Inside Macintosh Vol 2", Apple states: "A file is a
- named, ordered sequence of bytes". This is also applicable
- to DOS files. Both with DOS and the Mac OS you normally
- operate on files as single entities, although Macintosh
- files consist of two separate forks. In some cases, MacDOS
- lets you operate separately on Data and Resource forks.
-
- global variables
- Global variables have two main functions: to store
- temporary information during the execution of batch
- programs and to memorise your "preferences" if you set them
- within autoexec.bat .
-
- parameter
- In most cases, parameters identify the items on which
- commands and batch programs operate. Many commands expect
- file or folder specifications as parameters. Therefore, the
- passing of parameters to a MacDOS command often corresponds
- to filling in text fields in a Macintosh dialog box (eg.
- after selecting the "Open..." or "Save as..." menu items).
-
- path
- A path is nothing else than the list of folders you have to
- enter in order to reach a particular item (file or folder).
- The MacDOS convention is to use a backslash to separate
- adjacent folder names.
-
- A path which begins with a backslash is said to be
- "absolute" and indicates that you have to start entering
- folders from the outermost one. A path which begins with a
- folder name (ie. not with a backslash) is said to be
- "relative", and indicates that your starting point is the
- current folder. The fictitious folder name ".." indicates
- that you have to enter the folder which contains the one
- you are currently in.
-
- When you add a folder name to a path, it is as if you
- memorised the double-clicking on the corresponding folder
- icon.
-
- pipe
- A pipe is a way of using the output of a command as input
- to another command.
-
- In Macintosh terms, the closest thing to a pipe is to "Cut"
- and "Paste" or "Drag" and "Drop" between different
- applications.
-
- prompt
- MacDOS displays the command prompt to let you know that it
- is ready to accept a new command. This is equivalent to the
- Finder changing the cursor from a watch back to an arrow.
-
- Other prompts (eg. when asking confirmation before deleting
- a file) are equivalent to displaying dialog boxes like the
- "...Are you sure you want to permanently remove it?" alert
- that you get when you empty the Trash.
-
- redirection
- Many commands display information on the monitor screen.
- Some, like DIR and TYPE, do nothing else. Others, like COPY
- and RENAME, do it to inform you of their progress. In all
- cases, you can save that information for later examination
- and processing by redirecting the command output to a disk
- file.
-
- Similarly, input redirection lets you prepare input data
- off-line and then use it when you need it, thereby freeing
- you from the task of typing it interactively.
-
- As both output to the monitor and input from the keyboard
- consist of ASCII characters, files used for redirection are
- always of type 'TEXT'.
-
- In a sense, I/O redirection is similar to the "export" and
- "import" functions of many Macintosh applications.
-
- root
- The "root" is the filing cabinet where you keep all your
- folders. As there is exactly one root per volume (ie. hard
- disk partition, floppy, etc.), for all practical purposes
- you can identify the root with the volume itself.
-
- When you format a floppy, the Operating System
- automatically creates the "root". It is then up to you to
- grow "trunk" folders and "branch" off into further
- subfolders. The "leaves" of such a directory tree are
- files, which you are not allowed to further subdivide
- (although the Macintosh still gives you two "forks"). In
- the Macintosh environment, the root is represented by the
- window that you get when you double click on a volume icon.
-
- switch
- A DOS switch is a part of a command which lets you enable
- or disable optional features of the command. In its
- simplest form, a switch consists of a slash followed by a
- letter of the alphabet, but switches which control powerful
- options are more complex than that.
-
- The Macintosh equivalent of a switch is an option that you
- can select via a dialog box. For example, when you select
- the "Print..." menu item, you are presented with a dialog
- box which lets you select page ranges, number of copies,
- etc. In DOS, you would select those options by adding
- switches to the PRINT command.
-
- wildcarding
- Wildcarding is a way of selecting group of files on the
- basis of parts of their names. In most cases, you can
- operate on wildcarded filenames as you would operate on
- single files, leaving to DOS the task of repeating the same
- action on each individual file. The Macintosh Finder lets
- you "Find..." files with names containing a particular
- string, but then you still have to access the files with
- the mouse.
-
-